Kevin Bales describes hereditary forms of slavery in the developing world where generations of a family “are put up as collateral against a loan” that they’re never able to pay back. But, he points out, the U.S. has its own problems: “We have found young women from Ghana, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, who are called by the people who control them ‘the creature, the animal,’ and used for years, and sexually abused, as domestic servants in Washington, D.C. suburbs. …We found in 90 U.S. cities people caught up in forced slavery.”

Stephen Law describes how U.S. Labor Department investigators looking into simple violations of wage laws find “intimidation, coercion and secrecy” surrounding child labor and other illegal exploitation. What’s worse, he says, “cultural reinforcement locks people into this lifestyle,” a kind of brainwashing that inhibits people from escaping their enslavement.

Roger Plant says that of the 12 million forced laborers globally, most are women and children. He corrects the assumption that “forced labor is something imposed by states. Today four-fifths of all forced labor is imposed by private agents….People exploiting bonded labor make significant profits.”