20. James A. Garfield
21. Chester A. Arthur,
22. Grover Cleveland
23. Benjamin Harrison.
All are mediocre Presidents, overshadowed by the economic giants of the times and the ascendency of economic motives. These presidents are influenced by industrial capitalism until the end of the 1800s. They are pro-business, anti-labor, and anti-union. There is the use of the army to strike break. The lack of enforcement reduces reform legislation, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, to superficial rhetoric. Supremacy of Republicans lasts until the 1930s Depression.
24. Cleveland 2nd term. He makes an ineffective response to the severe depression of 1893, the worst experienced until then. He breaks Pullman strike with troops after the governor refuses illegally intervene.
25. William McKinley. There is little change in economic policies, but foreign trade is increased. The Cuban uprising against Spanish rule disrupts business interests. He sends U.S. ultimatum to end the unrest or the U.S. will do it. Spanish-American War is reviewed and what probably blew up the battleship Maine. He annexes the Philippines after Spanish-American War, leading to two years of brutal guerrilla war, originating the terms, "concentration camp" and "pacification," and has great repercussions for the future. This is the beginning of the American Empire. He is assassinated by anarchist.